He resigned on April 9, 1861, when his home state of Texas seceded from the Union. Date of Birth - Death February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862. Shot in his right leg, his popliteal artery severed by a Minié ball, Johnston bled to death within an hour. That sharp reaction continued to fester throughout Bragg’s tenure as commander of what was now the Army of Tennessee over the next 18 or so months. He was assigned a vast and critical mission: to hold for the South the Mississippi Valley and beyond. Johnston has the unfortunate distinction of being the highest ranking general – on either side – killed during the Civil War. Beauregard were among the five former U.S. Army officers named full generals in the Confederate Army the first year of the war. Breckinridge, the fourth commander, was still a brigadier general at Shiloh, and despite serving as secretary of war later in the war, he was never really considered as a replacement for Johnston. (Alabama Department of Archives and History; Library of Congress). Outwardly, Hardee seemed the most agreeable of the trio toward Bragg, preferring to work clandestinely and on occasion conspiring with Polk and others to remove him. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines. Peter Shaffer, English playwright (Equus, Amadeus), twin brother of Anthony Shaffer. He held a line of defense from Kentucky’s Cumberland Gap to the town of Columbus. At one point, he wrote Polk: “I have been thinking seriously of the condition of affairs with this army….What shall we do? Polk by education and habit is unfitted for executing the plans of others. Albert Sidney Johnston, (born February 2, 1803, Washington, Kentucky, U.S.—died April 6, 1862, Shiloh, Tennessee), commander of the Confederate forces in the Western theatre during the early stages of the American Civil War (1861–65). But he didn’t get the call. olk and Hardee were both promoted to lieutenant general in October 1862—as were Stonewall Jackson and James Longstreet back East—but, considering themselves Bragg’s equal, continued to balk at his promotion above them. Shot in his right leg, his popliteal artery severed by a Minié ball, Johnston bled to death within an hour. Albert Sidney Johnston graduated eighth in the West Point Class of 1826. Erected by the UDC in 1917, this prominent Shiloh memorial features “Lost Cause” themes that both Johnston’s death and nightfall led to the Rebels’ irreversible loss. Davis’ statement was bold but true—at least in part. First considered had to be the four remaining full generals in Confederate service at the time, one of whom was Beauregard, Johnston’s second in command. 270. For more reading on General Johnston he recommends The Life of General Albert Sidney Johnston (1878) by William Preston Johnston, and Charles P. Roland's Albert Sidney Johnston, Soldier of Three Republics (1964). Still, one would be hard pressed to find a more critical period in the West than Bragg’s tenure from June 1862 to December 1863, which would encompass the Kentucky (Perryville), Stones River, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, and Chattanooga campaigns. Harris, the governor of Tennessee who was serving as Johnston’s aide, and another staff officer led the general’s horse down the hill and out of the line of fire in an attempt to save him. Library of Congress; Utah State Historical Society. Albert Sidney Johnston Articles Lyman Frank Baum, author (The Wonderful Wizard of Oz). Once his men carried him to a small ravine out of range of the Union soldiers, Albert Johnston died on the Shiloh battlefield on April 6, 1862 of massive blood loss. His journey finally ended in 1867 when his remains were taken to the State Cemetery in Austin, Texas. Polk and Hardee were both promoted to lieutenant general in October 1862—as were Stonewall Jackson and James Longstreet back East—but, considering themselves Bragg’s equal, continued to balk at his promotion above them. Help Save 110 Acres at Three Civil War Battlefields, Help Tell African American Stories of Valor, Kentuckians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation, Virginians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation. Albert Sidney Johnston's measurements, clothes & shoes size is being updated soon or you can click edit button to update Albert Sidney Johnston's height and other parameters. But the Army of the Mississippi was a much different animal now than those smaller Trans-Mississippi armies, which took Van Dorn and Price out of the picture. Some argue that the war in the West was lost by Shiloh; others argue it came with the fall of Atlanta in the charged geopolitical year of 1864. Though some subordinates advised calling off the Shiloh attack, Johnston was resolute: “Gentlemen, we shall attack at daylight tomorrow.” (Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images). Because he’d suffered nerve damage from his dueling wound, he didn’t realize the severity of his injury until his boot filled with blood. Significantly, much of the conspiring came in letters about Bragg written directly to President Davis, who was Polk’s friend. In July of 1945 there was an article in the Abilene TX newspaper about his finding of a tattered document containing the signature of Ulysses S. Grant while prospecting for agate near Pine Bluffs, Wyoming. Johnston attended the University of Transylvania and US Military Academy at West Point. The next 18 months, however, were a disaster for both Bragg and the Confederacy, largely because of the back-biting of Bragg’s former equals-turned-subordinates. It quickly became evident that the anointed one was Bragg, who actually had  been promoted to full general immediately after Shiloh, although he remained under Beauregard’s command. In 1837, Albert Sidney Johnston survived a duel against Texas Brigadier General Felix Huston. (Library of Congress). Breckinridge, Polk & Hardee especially.” While none stooped to the dishonor of claiming publicly they would be a better choice than Bragg, each lapsed into acidic relations with the commander and by all historical accounts disobeyed, undermined, and conspired against him. Johnston, a Virginia native, and Beauregard, a Louisianan, led the respective Southern armies during the stunning Confederate victory at First Manassas on July 21, 1861. He will convince himself his own are better and follow them without reflecting on the consequences.”. Eastern Theater supporters might take umbrage that Johnston’s death sealed the Confederacy’s fate; arguments on the respective importance of the war’s two principal theaters have raged for decades and will undoubtedly continue to do so in the future. Hardee, author of an Army rifle tactics manual, resigned as colonel of the 1st U.S. Cavalry in January 1861. Although the Federals had moved cautiously against the Corinth defenses and “siege” operations didn’t begin until May 27, the odds were clearly on their side. And it only became worse after Bragg’s tenure, with Davis having to settle out of necessity for Joe Johnston (whom he considered an unacceptable option) and then John Bell Hood (a truly untried and unproven army commander, who quickly showed how untried and unproven he was). The Western Confederate Army never recovered from Albert Sidney Johnston’s April 1862 death at Shiloh General, are you wounded,” Isham G. Harris frantically asked as Albert Sidney Johnston slumped in his saddle about midday April 6, 1862. At 2:30 p.m., he was gone, the highest-ranking American military officer ever killed in action in U.S. history. Anthony Shaffer, English playwright (Sleuth), twin brother of Peter Shaffer. We suggest checking online or calling ahead as you plan your visits. The snowball effect of that started rolling that mild day in April 1862 when Albert Sidney Johnston, and perhaps the Confederacy itself, perished rather than conquered at Shiloh. Johnston was shot in the leg when he rode too far ahead of his troops. There should be no dispute, however, that Davis was correct in his assertion that there was no other general capable of taking Johnston’s place. Yet it would be difficult to find three more bitter Bragg enemies than Polk, Hardee, and Breckinridge. Significantly, and complicating the situation even more, both Van Dorn and Price had commanded armies in the Trans-Mississippi: Price at Wilson’s Creek, Mo., and Van Dorn at Pea Ridge, Ark. In the war’s first year, there were five full generals in the Confederate Army, and in the spring of 1862, two could easily be taken out of consideration for command of the Western Army. Attorney Brian McGinty, an avid writer of historical articles, is a native of California and currently resides in San Francisco. Johnston was born in Washington, Kentucky, the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail Harris Johnston. (1803–62). Such arguments are, of course, based in “what-if” thinking, but we do know for sure what happened in the Western Theater after Johnston was gone. When he was struck by the bullet at … General Johnston, however, was soon mortally wounded and replaced by General P.G.T. He succeeded in getting the assault moving again, but his aggressiveness would cost him his life. Albert Sidney Johnston was killed in action during the afternoon of April 6, 1862, while commanding the Confederate Army at the Battle of Shiloh. He quickly bled to death on the battlefield. He was successful, at first, in pushing Gen. William T. Sherman’s men back to an area called the Crossroads. Johnston meets with wary commanders the evening of April 5, 1862. The two laid Johnston at the foot of a tree and began searching for a wound in his torso before discovering the gash on Johnston’s leg. The Confederates took about six hours to completely break through the initial line of Union camps, defended by less than half of Ulysses S. Grant’s army, before slamming into the bulk of the Federal force—comprising veterans who put up a stiff fight across the battlefield. Bragg would note that his efforts were “most distasteful to many of my senior generals, and they wince under the blows. Since the war, there has been extensive debate over how great a commander Johnston would have become had he not been mortally wounded—perhaps even another Robert E. Lee, who conveniently had the luxury of learning from his initial stumbles during the war before he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia in June 1862 and, as a result, established his place as one of this country’s greatest military leaders. Only Polk among the original Shiloh corps commanders had been an army commander earlier in the war. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. He was first educated at Transylvania University in Lexington, where he met fellow student Jefferson Davis. Davis could also have considered the top two generals in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, Sterling Price and Earl Van Dorn, but the prospects for both were basically the same. Died 6 Apr 1862 at the Battle of Shiloh.. Albert Sidney Johnston was a West Point graduate who fought in five major conflicts and lost his life at Shiloh in the U.S. Civil War.Between conflicts he returned to civilian life and his family. Rank. Nevertheless, rancor between the two began to develop as early as the Kentucky Campaign and remained a concern until both left the army after the fall of Chattanooga in November 1863. (The Valentine Museum). All three answered with a resounding no. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 53,000 acres in 24 states! Albert Sidney Johnston served as a general in three different North American wars: the Black Hawk War, the Mexican-American War, and the Civil War. The fighting shown here occurred during the Second Battle of Corinth in October 1862. [4] Albert Sidney Johnston to Major Fitz-John Porter, Feb. 25, 1861 in The Life of Albert Sidney Johnston, Comprising His Services in the Armies of the United States, the Republic of Texas, and the Confederate States. Because he was also a former U.S. vice president—James Buchanan’s second—he still had plenty of clout. One of the ablest Confederate generals, Albert Sidney Johnston commanded forces in the Western theater during the early stages of the American Civil War. Leading that argument was Johnston’s son, William Preston Johnston, who maintained that his father would have continued strikes on Grant’s rattled army and would not have called off the attacks, as did his replacement, General P.G.T. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in Texas, which he considered his home. Until the surrender at Appomattox in April 1865, Lee would leave Virginia only twice, on his two ill-fated invasions of the North in September 1862 and the summer of 1863. The wound would continue to bother Johnston during the ensuing Vicksburg Campaign. rom June 1, 1862, Robert E. Lee would not relinquish command of the Confederacy’s foremost army, making it one of the country’s finest fighting forces ever. That decision was unquestionably the right one. Undoubtedly, these generals inwardly believed they would do better than the others. Concerning Albert Sidney Johnston at least three facts are beyond dispute. A resident of Adamsville, Tenn., he is writing a book on the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg. Robert E. Lee to Albert Sidney Johnston, 1857 Edited by MARILYN McADAMS SIBLEY THE SECOND CAVALRY ARRIVED IN TEXAS DURING THE WINTER OF 1855-1856 with two men at its head who within a decade would be legends of the Civil War. In the West, that category included Leonidas Polk, Braxton Bragg, William J. Hardee, and John Breckinridge, all Army of the Mississippi corps commanders at Shiloh. As events transpired around Corinth in April–May 1862, Johnston and Union Maj. Gen. George McClellan had locked horns on the Virginia Peninsula. Davis truly believed, “we had no other hand to take up his work in the West.” Johnston’s loss thus left the Western Confederacy’s primary army in the hands of a general tasked with leading former command equals, and, as discussed above, the situation deteriorated quickly. Yet the reality is that, for Davis, none was a good option. That sharp reaction continued to fester throughout Bragg’s tenure as commander of what was now the Army of Tennessee over the next 18 or so months. Although Samuel Cooper was the ranking Confederate general, at nearly 64 years of age he was not a true consideration for field command, likely never to leave his desk assignment at the War Department in Richmond. By right of rank, the position as Johnston’s replacement should have gone to Polk. Price did not become a major general until March 1862, a month before Shiloh; Van Dorn outranked Hardee, but was behind both Polk and Bragg in seniority. “Braxton Bragg,” writes historian Steven Woodworth, “was a fairly competent general, who, though a pre-war enemy of Davis, came to possess a moderate degree of [his] confidence.” “Enemies” is perhaps a little strong in describing the pair, who had served together in the antebellum Army, but Davis was clearly no fan of Bragg. In 1826 Johnston graduated eighth of 41 ca… (Heritage Auctions, Dallas; National Archives). Timothy B. Smith, Ph.D., a veteran of the National Park Service, teaches history at the University of Tennessee at Martin. That created more chaos. He was struck in the hip by a pistol ball. He is the author, editor, or co-editor of 20 books, including award-winners Champion Hill: Decisive Battle for Vicksburg (2004); Shiloh: Conquer or Perish (2014); and The Real Horse Soldiers: Benjamin Grierson’s Epic 1863 Civil War Raid Through Mississippi (2018). Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Johnston was buried temporarily in New Orleans. Richard Daley, mayor of Chicago through the 1960s and early 1970's. And, after his death, his reputation became one of the great speculative controversies of the war. Objective: To determine whether General Albert Sidney Johnston's dueling wound and nerve injury (1837) contributed to his death at the Battle of Shiloh (1862). Please note that the locations and events listed on our itineraries do not reflect any potential closures due to COVID-19. Perhaps Confederate President Jefferson Davis, a Johnston admirer, said it best when he observed: “[W]hen Sidney Johnston fell, it was the turning-point of our fate; for we had no other hand to take up his work in the West.”. Shiloh was retconned into a Confederate Victory, and Johnston was rewritten as a martyred hero who died on the field of battle. At dawn, Johnston’s Army of the Mississippi had launched a surprise attack on the Union Army of the Tennessee near Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., but seemingly little had gone right since. Abstract. Given the 44-year-old Louisianan’s failing health at the time and the stark differences he had with both Davis and many in Davis’ administration, the answer seemed no. In the West, things were going badly for the Confederacy. He was the highest-ranking soldier on either side to die in battle during the war. Confederate General (and Episcopal bishop) Leonidas Polk had been t… Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian novelist (Notes of a Dead Man, Heart of a Dog). Johnston and Beauregard had been full generals, and Polk, Bragg, Hardee, and Breckinridge accepted serving under both, choosing not to buck the army’s traditional chain of command and giving them the necessary respect. As Johnston’s army tried to turn the Union left, the storied commander realized the attack had stalled and rode east to give the effort his personal attention. But he didn’t get the call. 1826–1834; 1846; 1849–1861 (USA) 1836–1840 (Texas) 1861–1862 (CSA) Battles Fought. His Army attacked on April 6, near Shiloh Church. With Albert Sidney Johnston dead, Joe Johnston incapacitated, Lee committed elsewhere, and Cooper relegated to desk duty, a reluctant Davis had to count on Beauregard to defend Corinth in the face of a Federal threat after the loss at Shiloh. He was the highest ranking officer on either side of the Civil War to die in action. Other anti-Bragg generals emerged—foremost James Longstreet, D.H. Hill, Simon Boliver Buckner, Frank Cheatham, and Nathan Bedford Forrest. From June 1, 1862, Robert E. Lee would not relinquish command of the Confederacy’s foremost army, making it one of the country’s finest fighting forces ever. Stay up-to-date on the Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. In addition to the Civil War, Johnston served in the 1832 Blackhawk War, the 1846-48 Mexican War, and the Utah Expedition of 1857-58. The colonel of the regiment was Al-bert Sidney Johnston;' the lieutenant colonel, Robert E. Lee.2 In His forces moved to Corinth, MS, where they joined General P.G.T. Earlier in the war, Lee had been underwhelming while holding commands in western Virginia and South Carolina, and during the Peninsula Campaign he was serving as Davis’ adviser. With the fate of the entire Confederacy arguably on the line, the new commander needed all the support he could get from his subordinates. Beauregard messaged Richmond that “if defeated here, we lose the Mississippi Valley and probably our cause.” On May 30, however, the Louisianan evacuated Corinth without a fight. Soon Johnston was unable even to swallow the whiskey administered to him, as it merely gurgled in his throat. I certainly feel a lofty contempt for his puny effort to inflict injury upon a man who has dry nursed him for the whole period of his connection with him and has kept him from ruining the cause of the country by the sacrifice of its armies.”, On one occasion, Bragg provided a fairly accurate assessment of Polk, complaining to Davis: “Genl. Died. Even then, because of his differences with Davis, he would command the Western army for only two brief periods—mere months—during the 1864 Atlanta Campaign and at the end of the war when his presence had no tangible impact on Confederate fortunes. On the authority of his surgeon, Beauregard traveled to a springs resort in Alabama, and when Davis learned of the commander’s whereabouts, he exploded in anger, immediately removing him from command. Because the Confederacy’s second-ranking general had been Albert Sidney Johnston, that left Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and Beauregard. After defeat at Shiloh, the Army of the Mississippi pulled back to its base at the critical railroad town of Corinth, Miss., to await the Federal command’s next move. He succeeded in getting the assault moving again, but his aggressiveness would cost him his life. Sign up to receive email updates about our Warrior Legacy programming for veterans, active duty military and their families. Certainly, most of the bitterest quarrels, especially with Breckinridge, resulted from Bragg’s pushing rather than by his subordinates’ conspiring. Both were appointed to the United States Military Academy, Davis two years behind Johnston. A Kentucky native, General Albert Sidney Johnston was a notable Confederate commander during the early months of the Civil War.After graduating from West Point in 1826, he later moved to Texas and joined the Texas Army where he acted as aide-de-camp to General Sam Houston. Albert Sidney Johnston died on April 6, 1862 at the age of 59. Beauregard. When Texas seceded from the Union, Johnston resigned his commission with the U.S. Army and served for the Confederate Army. In addition to learning social graces, she became an accomplished artist and musician. In fact, while defending himself and his beloved Kentuckians to the hilt, Breckinridge usually tried to diffuse the situation when he could and apparently never worked against Bragg. 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